4.3 It’s All in the Genes! The Foundation of Evolution
3 min read•june 24, 2024
Genetics plays a crucial role in human , shaping our diversity and adaptability. Key concepts like , , and form the foundation for understanding how traits are inherited and expressed in populations.
Evolutionary forces like , , and drive . These processes, along with , explain how humans have evolved over time and continue to adapt to different environments.
Genetics and Human Evolution
Key genetic terms in human evolution
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Laws of Inheritance | Boundless Biology View original
Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits and humans have approximately 20,000-25,000 genes
Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that determine variations in inherited characteristics (eye color, blood type, hair texture)
refer to the genetic makeup of an individual, which is the combination of alleles inherited from parents and determines the potential traits an individual can express
are the observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction between genotype and environment (physical appearance, behavior, disease susceptibility)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries genetic information and is organized into structures called
Mitosis vs meiosis in genetic variation
is cell division that produces identical daughter cells and maintains the genetic stability of somatic cells but does not contribute to genetic variation
is cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm), reduces the chromosome number by half (from diploid to haploid), and contributes to genetic variation through:
Independent assortment of chromosomes
which is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
Meiosis generates new combinations of alleles in offspring
Mendel's laws and human diversity
states that each individual possesses two alleles for each gene and during gamete formation, alleles segregate, with each gamete receiving only one allele, explaining the inheritance of single-gene traits (widow's peak, attached earlobes)
states that alleles for different genes assort independently during gamete formation, allowing for the independent inheritance of multiple traits and contributing to the wide range of human genetic diversity
are diagrams used to predict the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes by illustrating the inheritance of single-gene traits based on parental genotypes
is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through genetic material
Evolutionary forces on genetic variation
Mutation refers to changes in DNA sequence and is a source of new alleles and genetic variation (sickle cell anemia, lactase persistence)
Gene flow is the transfer of alleles between populations through migration and interbreeding, which can introduce new alleles or change allele frequencies in a population (spread of the Duffy null allele in African populations)
refers to random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events and is more pronounced in small populations (, )
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on their genetic traits, favoring the propagation of advantageous alleles (resistance to malaria, adaptation to high altitudes)
Population Genetics and Evolution
Evolution is the change in allele frequencies within a population over time
Population genetics studies the distribution and change of allele frequencies within populations
Genetic variation within populations provides the raw material for evolution through natural selection
The combination of evolutionary forces acting on populations can lead to changes in allele frequencies and potentially the emergence of new species