1.1 Historical context of Anglo-Saxon England

Anglo-Saxon England spanned from the 5th to 11th centuries, marked by Germanic tribes settling in Britain after Roman withdrawal. This period saw the rise of kingdoms, Christianization, Viking invasions, and ultimately ended with the Norman Conquest in 1066.

The era was shaped by major tribes like Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, forming kingdoms such as Northumbria and Wessex. Christianity's influence and Viking invasions significantly impacted Anglo-Saxon society, language, and culture, leaving lasting marks on English history.

Historical Background

Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England

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• Anglo-Saxon period lasted from 5th to 11th century CE
  • Began with arrival of Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) in Britain after Roman withdrawal in early 5th century
  • Ended with Norman Conquest in 1066 CE
• Key events:
  • Establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in 5th and 6th centuries
  • Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England in 7th century
  • Viking invasions and settlements in 9th and 10th centuries
  • Unification of England under King Alfred the Great in late 9th century
  • Reign of King Cnut the Great in early 11th century marked height of Danish influence
  • Norman Conquest led by William the Conqueror in 1066 ended Anglo-Saxon period

Major Anglo-Saxon tribes and kingdoms

• Major Germanic tribes that settled in Britain:
  • Angles settled primarily in Midlands, East Anglia, and Northumbria
  • Saxons settled mainly in south and west of England
  • Jutes settled primarily in Kent and Isle of Wight
• Main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged:
  • Northumbria formed from merger of Bernicia and Deira in 7th century
  • Mercia rose to prominence in 8th century under King Offa
  • Wessex became dominant in 9th century under King Alfred the Great
  • East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, and Kent were also significant early kingdoms

Viking Influence and Christianity

Viking impact on Anglo-Saxon society

• Viking invasions began in late 8th century
  • Vikings (Norsemen or Danes) initially raided coastal monasteries and settlements
  • Over time, Vikings established permanent settlements, particularly in north and east of England
• Viking invasions led to:
  • Destruction of many monasteries, which were centers of learning and culture
  • Incorporation of Scandinavian words into Old English language
  • Establishment of Danelaw, region in northern and eastern England where Danish law and customs prevailed
  • Rise of King Alfred the Great of Wessex, who defended his kingdom against Vikings and laid foundation for unification of England

Christianity's role in Anglo-Saxon England

• Christianity significantly shaped Anglo-Saxon society and culture
  • Christianization began in late 6th century with arrival of missionary St. Augustine, sent by Pope Gregory the Great
  • Adoption of Christianity led to establishment of monasteries, which became centers of learning, art, and culture
• Influence of Christianity seen in:
  • Development of Old English literature, including religious poetry ("The Dream of the Rood", "Caedmon's Hymn")
  • Creation of illuminated manuscripts (Lindisfarne Gospels, Book of Kells)
  • Growth of Church as major landowner and political force
  • Introduction of Latin as language of learning and liturgy, alongside vernacular Old English
• Notable Christian figures:
  • St. Bede the Venerable, 8th-century monk and scholar who wrote "Ecclesiastical History of the English People"
  • King Alfred the Great promoted translation of Latin works into Old English and supported Church in his kingdom