1.3 History and Development of Anthropological Theory
3 min read•august 9, 2024
Anthropological theory has evolved from early evolutionary and functional approaches to more complex interpretations of culture. This journey reflects changing views on human societies, from simplistic stage-based models to nuanced understandings of cultural diversity and global interconnections.
Today's anthropologists draw on a rich theoretical toolkit to analyze cultural phenomena. They blend materialist, interpretive, and critical perspectives, tackling issues like gender, globalization, health, and the environment. This multifaceted approach helps unravel the complexities of human cultures worldwide.
Early Anthropological Theories
Evolutionary and Historical Approaches
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proposed societies progress through fixed stages of development
Developed by 19th century anthropologists like Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor
Stages typically included savagery, barbarism, and civilization
Assumed Western societies were most advanced
Critiqued for ethnocentrism and oversimplification of cultural diversity
emerged as a reaction against unilineal evolution
Developed by in early 20th century
Emphasized unique historical development of each culture
Advocated for intensive and
Influenced development of American anthropology
Functional and Structural Approaches
focused on how cultural practices contribute to social stability
Developed by and in early 20th century
Viewed cultures as integrated systems where all parts serve a purpose
Emphasized fieldwork and (Trobriand Islands)
Critiqued for neglecting historical change and individual agency
sought to uncover underlying patterns in cultural systems
Pioneered by in mid-20th century
Applied linguistic models to analyze kinship, myth, and other cultural domains
Focused on binary oppositions and transformations in cultural logic