15.1 Preparing images for print

Image preparation for print is crucial for achieving high-quality results. Resolution, measured in pixels per inch, plays a key role in determining print quality. Higher resolutions capture more detail, while lower resolutions can lead to pixelation and blurriness.

Resizing, cropping, and choosing the right file format are essential steps in preparing images for print. JPEG, TIFF, and PDF formats each have their strengths, while sharpening techniques can enhance edge contrast and detail. Proper preparation ensures your prints look their best.

Image Preparation for Print

Impact of image resolution

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• Measured in pixels per inch (PPI) or dots per inch (DPI) quantifies the level of detail in an image
• Higher resolution results in better print quality and more detail captures fine textures and sharp edges (300 PPI for 8x10 prints)
• Lower resolution can lead to pixelation, blurriness, and loss of detail visible artifacts and jagged edges (72 PPI for web graphics)
• Factors affecting resolution
  • Original image size and pixel dimensions determine the maximum print size without loss of quality
  • Intended print size influences the required resolution for optimal results (larger prints require higher pixel counts)
  • Viewing distance of the final print affects perceived sharpness (billboards can use lower resolutions due to greater viewing distances)
• Recommended resolutions for various print sizes
  • For standard prints (4x6, 5x7, 8x10): 300 PPI ensures crisp details and smooth tonal transitions
  • For large prints (11x14, 16x20, 20x30): 200-300 PPI balances file size and print quality
  • For billboards or large posters: 100-150 PPI is sufficient due to the increased viewing distance

Resizing for print sizes

• Resizing images involves changing the pixel dimensions to fit specific print sizes or optimize file size
• Upsampling increases the number of pixels by interpolation which can lead to loss of quality and softening of details
• Downsampling reduces the number of pixels by averaging or discarding data which can help optimize file size and maintain sharpness
• Maintain aspect ratio to avoid distortion ensures the proportions of the image remain consistent (prevents stretching or squishing)
• Cropping images
  • Removing unwanted areas of an image eliminates distracting elements or focuses on the main subject (cropping out a busy background)
  • Changing the composition or focus of the image emphasizes certain aspects or creates a more balanced layout (applying the rule of thirds)
  • Adjusting the aspect ratio to fit specific print sizes matches the proportions of the paper or canvas (cropping from 3:2 to 4:5 for an 8x10 print)
• Tools for resizing and cropping include Adobe Photoshop, Lightroom, or other image editing software as well as built-in tools in photo printing services or online platforms

File formats for printing

• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
  • Compressed file format, suitable for most print applications balances file size and image quality
  • Supports millions of colors ensures accurate color reproduction
  • Lossy compression can introduce artifacts at high compression levels
• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
  • Uncompressed or losslessly compressed file format retains maximum image quality without data loss
  • Results in larger file sizes compared to JPEG
  • Ideal for high-end printing or archival purposes when preserving original data is crucial
• PDF (Portable Document Format)
  • Versatile file format that can include both vector and raster graphics maintains resolution independence for vector elements
  • Maintains image quality and can be easily shared or printed across different devices and platforms
  • Suitable for printing documents with multiple pages or images combines text, graphics, and images into a single file

Sharpening techniques for print

• Sharpening enhances the edge contrast and detail in an image by increasing the contrast along edges
• Can help counteract the softening effect of printing processes compensates for ink spread or paper absorption
• Over-sharpening can introduce artifacts or an unnatural appearance (halos, jagged edges, or excessive noise)
• Types of sharpening
  1. Capture sharpening: applied during the image capture process (in-camera or RAW processing)
  2. Creative sharpening: selective sharpening for artistic effects (emphasizing specific areas or creating a gritty look)
  3. Output sharpening: optimizing sharpness for the specific print medium and size (adjusting for paper type and viewing distance)
• Sharpening tools and techniques
  • Unsharp Mask filter in Adobe Photoshop allows control over amount, radius, and threshold
  • Clarity and Detail sliders in Adobe Lightroom offer global and local sharpening adjustments
  • High Pass filter and layer blending modes in Photoshop enable targeted sharpening of specific frequency ranges
• Best practices for sharpening
  • Apply sharpening as the last step in the editing process to avoid compounding artifacts
  • Use subtle amounts of sharpening to avoid over-sharpening aim for a natural-looking result
  • Consider the viewing distance and print size when determining the appropriate level of sharpening (less sharpening for large prints viewed from a distance)