1.1 Fundamentals of Nanoscale Science and Technology

Nanoscience explores the unique properties of materials at the 1-100 nanometer scale. This tiny world reveals surprising behaviors, from quantum effects to increased reactivity, that can be harnessed to create revolutionary technologies.

Nanotechnology applies these principles across diverse fields. From medicine to electronics, nanotech innovations are transforming industries by manipulating matter at the atomic level, opening up exciting possibilities for the future.

Fundamentals of Nanoscale Science and Technology

Definitions and Key Concepts

Nanoscience and nanotechnology fundamentals

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• Nanoscience studies materials and phenomena at 1-100 nm scale revealing unique properties and behaviors
• Nanotechnology applies nanoscience principles creating functional materials, devices, and systems through atomic and molecular manipulation
• Key concepts encompass quantum effects altering material properties, increased surface area to volume ratio enhancing reactivity, bottom-up and top-down fabrication approaches, self-assembly processes mimicking nature, and various nanomaterials (nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots)

Significance of nanoscale properties

• Size-dependent properties emerge from quantum confinement effects leading to enhanced reactivity and altered melting points
• Surface dominance increases surface area to volume ratio boosting catalytic activity and adsorption capabilities
• Novel physical properties manifest in optical (plasmon resonance in metal nanoparticles), electrical (ballistic transport in carbon nanotubes), and mechanical (increased strength in nanocomposites) domains
• Biological interactions leverage size compatibility with cellular components enabling enhanced penetration of biological barriers (cell membranes)

Interdisciplinary Nature and Applications

Interdisciplinary nature of nanoscience

• Physics contributes quantum mechanics, solid-state physics, and optics principles
• Chemistry enables synthesis of nanomaterials, surface chemistry, and colloidal science
• Biology integrates biomimetics, drug delivery systems, and biosensors
• Materials Science develops nanocomposites, thin films, and smart materials
• Engineering advances nanoelectronics, nanofabrication, and nanorobotics
• Medicine utilizes targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and tissue engineering

Tools for nanoscale characterization

• Microscopy techniques visualize nanostructures (SEM, TEM, AFM, STM)
• Spectroscopy methods analyze chemical composition and bonding (XPS, Raman, FTIR)
• Fabrication techniques create nanostructures (lithography, CVD, MBE)
• Manipulation tools precisely control nanoscale objects (optical tweezers, nanomanipulators, FIB)
• Characterization methods assess particle size, surface area, and charge (DLS, BET, zeta potential)