Your digestive system is a complex machine that breaks down food into usable nutrients. From mechanical grinding to chemical breakdown, each step is crucial. Carbs, proteins, and fats are processed differently, with specific enzymes and organs playing key roles.
Once nutrients are broken down, your body absorbs them through various methods. Some use special transporters, while others diffuse directly into cells. Your large intestine plays a vital role in fluid balance and waste management, ensuring you stay hydrated and healthy.
Digestive Processes
Process of macronutrient digestion
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breaks down food physically
Chewing in the mouth grinds food into smaller particles
in the esophagus and intestines propels food along the digestive tract
Churning in the mixes food with gastric juices
of carbohydrates begins in the mouth and continues in the
in the mouth initiates starch breakdown
in the small intestine further breaks down complex carbohydrates
(maltase, sucrase, lactase) complete
Chemical digestion of proteins starts in the stomach and finishes in the small intestine
in the stomach begins protein breakdown in acidic environment
, , and in the small intestine further break down proteins into smaller peptides
Chemical digestion of lipids occurs primarily in the small intestine
in the mouth initiates fat digestion
in the stomach continues fat breakdown
in the small intestine completes lipid digestion
aid in emulsification, increasing surface area for lipase action
Nutrient absorption and transport
Carbohydrate absorption occurs through specific transporters
Glucose and galactose enter cells via
Fructose enters cells through
involves multiple mechanisms
Di- and tripeptides enter cells via
Free amino acids use various amino acid transporters for absorption
requires special processing
form to transport lipids to enterocyte surface
Lipids diffuse into enterocytes
Triglycerides reform and package into for transport
Micronutrient absorption varies based on their properties
(A, D, E, K) absorb alongside lipids
and minerals use specific transporters
to cells occurs through two main routes
Bloodstream () carries most nutrients to the liver
transports chylomicrons containing lipids
Intestinal Functions
Large intestine in fluid balance
Water absorption crucial for maintaining hydration
Approximately 1.5-1.8 liters absorbed daily
Sodium-dependent water reabsorption prevents dehydration
Electrolyte absorption and secretion maintain balance
Sodium and chloride reabsorption helps regulate blood pressure
Potassium secretion aids in maintaining proper muscle and nerve function