6.1 Principles of companion planting and plant interactions
3 min read•august 7, 2024
Plant interactions are the foundation of thriving ecosystems. and boost growth and resilience. Understanding how plants compete, facilitate, and communicate chemically helps us design more productive and sustainable gardens.
Diversity is key in planting systems. , , and strategic through plant combinations create balanced ecosystems. These practices reduce the need for external inputs and increase overall productivity and resilience.
Beneficial Plant Interactions
Companion Planting and Symbiotic Relationships
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Companion planting involves strategically placing plants together that benefit each other
Planting nitrogen-fixing legumes (peas, beans) near heavy feeders (tomatoes, corn) provides nutrients
Aromatic herbs (basil, mint) can repel pests from vulnerable crops (cabbage, broccoli)
Symbiosis occurs when two organisms form a close, long-term interaction that benefits both
Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, increasing nutrient and water uptake for the plant while receiving sugars from the plant
is a type of symbiosis where both organisms directly benefit from the relationship
Pollinators (bees, butterflies) feed on nectar and pollen from flowers while also pollinating the plants, enabling reproduction
Nurse Plants and Facilitation
are established plants that create favorable for young seedlings
Larger trees provide shade and wind protection for understory plants in forests
Hardy pioneer species (lupines, alders) can stabilize soil and add nutrients, facilitating the growth of other plants
occurs when one plant species enhances the growth, survival, or reproduction of another species
Leguminous cover crops (clover, vetch) add nitrogen to the soil, facilitating the growth of subsequent crops
Companion plants can attract (ladybugs, lacewings) that prey on pests, facilitating the growth of the main crop
Plant Competition and Allelopathy
Competition for Resources
Plant competition occurs when two or more plants vie for limited resources such as light, water, and nutrients
Tall, fast-growing plants (sunflowers, corn) can shade out and outcompete shorter, slower-growing plants
Deep-rooted plants (trees, shrubs) can compete with shallow-rooted plants (grasses, herbs) for water and nutrients
Competition can be minimized by selecting plants with complementary growth habits and resource needs
Combining shallow-rooted and deep-rooted plants (lettuce and tomatoes) can reduce competition for water and nutrients
Planting shade-tolerant species (ferns, hostas) under taller plants (trees, shrubs) can maximize use of vertical space
Allelopathy and Nutrient Cycling
occurs when one plant species releases chemical compounds that inhibit the growth of other plants
Walnut trees produce juglone, a compound that can inhibit the growth of many plants (tomatoes, potatoes) beneath their canopy
Some invasive species (garlic mustard, tree of heaven) use allelopathy to outcompete native plants
is the process by which nutrients move through an ecosystem, from soil to plants to animals and back to soil
Plants take up nutrients from the soil and incorporate them into their tissues
When plants die or shed leaves, the nutrients are returned to the soil through decomposition
Planting a diversity of species with different nutrient needs can help optimize nutrient cycling and reduce the need for external inputs
Diversity in Planting Systems
Intercropping and Biodiversity
Intercropping involves growing two or more crops together in the same space
Planting compatible crops (corn, beans, squash) together can maximize use of space and resources
Intercropping can increase overall productivity and yield compared to monocultures
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms within an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms
Increasing plant diversity can support a wider range of beneficial insects, birds, and other wildlife
Diverse ecosystems are generally more resilient to stresses such as pests, diseases, and climate extremes
Pest Management through Diversity
Increasing plant diversity can help manage pests by creating a more balanced ecosystem
Planting a variety of crops can reduce the spread of pest populations and limit damage to any one crop
Incorporating plants that attract beneficial insects (yarrow, dill) can help control pest populations naturally
Diversity in planting systems can also reduce the need for chemical pesticides
Companion planting with pest-repellent plants (marigolds, nasturtiums) can deter pests from main crops
Rotating crops between different plant families (brassicas, legumes) can break pest and disease cycles