13.2 Perception, attention, and memory in film viewing

Film theory explores how our brains process and interpret movies. Visual elements like framing, lighting, and editing guide our attention and create meaning. Meanwhile, our memories and prior knowledge shape how we understand and connect with what we see on screen.

Cognitive processes play a crucial role in how we experience films. Our brains use memory, schemas, and prior knowledge to make sense of narratives and characters. Cultural context and personal experiences also influence how we interpret and emotionally connect with movies.

Visual Processing and Perception in Film

Processing of cinematic images

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• Retinal processing converts light into neural signals via photoreceptors (rods and cones) affecting visual acuity and color perception
• Neural pathways transmit visual information through primary visual cortex (V1) and ventral and dorsal streams for object recognition and spatial awareness
• Gestalt principles organize visual elements in film: proximity groups nearby objects, similarity connects visually alike elements, continuity perceives smooth paths, closure fills in missing information
• Persistence of vision creates illusion of continuous motion through phi phenomenon (apparent motion between static images) and beta movement (perceived motion between successive frames)
• Depth perception in 2D images utilizes monocular cues (perspective, occlusion, relative size) and motion parallax to create sense of three-dimensionality

Techniques for viewer attention

• Composition and framing guide eye movement using rule of thirds, leading lines, symmetry and balance
• Camera movements (pans, tilts, tracking shots, zooms, dolly movements) direct attention and create dynamic visual flow
• Lighting techniques shape mood and focus: three-point lighting (key, fill, backlight), high-key (bright, even illumination), low-key (dramatic shadows)
• Editing techniques control pacing and narrative flow: continuity editing maintains spatial-temporal coherence, montage juxtaposes images for thematic effect, match cuts connect scenes visually
• Sound design enhances immersion: diegetic (within story world) and non-diegetic sound (background music, voiceover), sound bridges link scenes aurally
• Color theory in film evokes emotions and symbolism through carefully chosen color palettes and schemes

Cognitive Processes in Film Viewing

Memory in film comprehension

• Short-term memory temporarily stores visual and auditory information with limited capacity (7 ± 2 items)
• Long-term memory retains plot events (episodic memory) and film conventions (semantic memory)
• Schema theory provides mental frameworks for understanding narrative structures and conventions
• Encoding processes strengthen memory formation through attention, rehearsal, elaboration, and organization of information
• Retrieval processes access stored information via cued recall (visual or auditory stimuli) and recognition of familiar elements

Prior knowledge in film interpretation

• Genre expectations shape viewer anticipation of conventions and tropes, sometimes subverted for dramatic effect
• Cultural context influences interpretation based on societal norms, values, and historical background
• Intertextuality enriches viewing experience through references to other films or media (parody, homage)
• Viewer's personal experiences create emotional resonance and character identification
• Film literacy enhances appreciation through understanding of cinematic techniques and directorial styles
• Cognitive biases affect interpretation: confirmation bias (seeking information that confirms preexisting beliefs), anchoring effect (relying too heavily on initial information)
• Suspension of disbelief allows viewers to accept fictional premises and immerse themselves in narrative worlds