Aggression

Definition

Aggression refers to hostile or violent behavior or attitudes towards others, often manifested through military actions or threats. In the context of global conflicts in the 20th century, aggression played a crucial role in shaping international relations, as countries engaged in expansionist policies and military confrontations, leading to significant geopolitical shifts and wars.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Aggression by states, particularly during the interwar period, contributed to the outbreak of World War II, as countries like Germany and Italy pursued expansionist policies.
2. The aggressive actions of Nazi Germany, including the annexation of Austria and the invasion of Poland, directly challenged the post-World War I order and led to widespread conflict.
3. Aggression can be both military and psychological; during the Cold War, for example, nuclear threats were a form of aggressive posturing between superpowers.
4. International organizations like the League of Nations were established in part to address issues of aggression and prevent future conflicts, though they often proved ineffective.
5. The concept of aggression has evolved in international law, where it is now considered a crime against peace, leading to trials for leaders who initiate unlawful wars.

Review Questions

• How did acts of aggression by countries contribute to the escalation of conflicts in the early 20th century?
  • Acts of aggression by countries, especially in the lead-up to World War II, were pivotal in escalating tensions between nations. For instance, Nazi Germany's aggressive policies aimed at territorial expansion undermined treaties established after World War I. Such actions not only violated international agreements but also provoked responses from other nations, ultimately leading to widespread conflict as alliances formed and countries mobilized for war.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of international responses to aggression during the interwar period.
  • International responses to aggression during the interwar period were largely ineffective. The League of Nations was created to prevent war and resolve disputes peacefully but struggled with enforcement mechanisms when faced with aggressor states like Japan in Manchuria and Italy in Ethiopia. These failures highlighted the limitations of collective security efforts at that time and contributed to a growing belief that military action was necessary to counter aggression.
• Discuss how the concept of aggression has influenced modern international law and its implications for state behavior.
  • The concept of aggression has significantly influenced modern international law by establishing accountability for states that initiate conflict unlawfully. The Nuremberg Trials after World War II marked a turning point where leaders were prosecuted for crimes against peace. This development has implications for state behavior today, as it sets a precedent that aggressive actions can lead to international legal repercussions. It fosters a global environment where diplomacy is preferred over military solutions, as countries are increasingly aware of the legal ramifications of their aggressive actions.

Related terms

Imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Militarism: The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Totalitarianism: A political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and seeks to regulate every aspect of public and private life.