Industrial Revolution: A transformative period in the 18th and 19th centuries characterized by the shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, leading to urbanization and changes in labor and society.
Nationalism: A political ideology emphasizing the interests and culture of a particular nation, often resulting in the pursuit of self-governance or independence from larger political entities.
Liberalism: A political philosophy advocating for civil liberties, individual rights, and constitutional governance, which emerged strongly during the 19th century as a response to absolute monarchies.