Fundamental rights are basic human rights considered essential for life in a democratic society, as recognized by the US Constitution or Supreme Court precedent.
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First Amendment Rights: These are fundamental rights protected by the First Amendment to the US Constitution, including freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly and petition.
Equal Protection Clause: This clause in the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from denying any person within its jurisdiction equal protection under law. It is often used to protect fundamental rights.
Substantive Due Process: This legal doctrine holds that certain rights are so fundamental that government interference with them is scrutinized very closely. For example, restrictions on marriage or family relationships may be subject to this kind of scrutiny.