Centralization: Centralization refers to the concentration of decision-making power at higher levels of an organization's hierarchy. It limits autonomy and discretion among lower-level employees.
Chain of command: The chain of command is a communication pathway that flows vertically through different levels in a hierarchical structure. It ensures that orders and information move efficiently through an organization.
Span of control: Span of control refers to how many subordinates or employees are directly supervised by one manager or superior. A narrow span means fewer subordinates per manager, leading to more layers in the hierarchy.