Cause and Effect: Cause and effect is the concept that an action or event (cause) produces a particular result (effect). Potential outcomes often stem from cause-and-effect relationships.
Counterfactual Analysis: Counterfactual analysis involves considering what might have happened if certain key factors had been different in order to understand alternative potential outcomes.
Unintended Consequences: Unintended consequences are outcomes that were not anticipated or planned for when certain actions were taken. They can sometimes be unforeseen results of decisions made.