Affirmative Action: Policies designed to address past discrimination and promote equal opportunity by giving preferential treatment to individuals from historically disadvantaged groups.
Institutional Racism: Refers to discriminatory practices, beliefs, and structures embedded within institutions such as government organizations, education systems, or workplaces.
Systemic Racism: The cumulative effects of institutional racism resulting in widespread disparities across various aspects of society such as housing, education, employment, and criminal justice.