Geographic Information System (GIS): GIS is a computer system used to collect, store, analyze, and display geographic data. It helps cartographers gather information from various sources and create accurate maps.
Topographic Map: A topographic map shows both natural and man-made features on the Earth's surface, such as mountains, rivers, roads, and buildings. It provides detailed information about the elevation and shape of the land.
Mercator Projection: The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection that preserves angles but distorts sizes in order to accurately represent navigation routes. It was commonly used for navigation purposes during colonial times.