Validity: The extent to which a theory or model accurately represents reality. If a model consistently fails to explain real-world phenomena, it may be considered less valid.
Generalizability: The ability to apply a theory or model across different contexts or situations. Critics might question whether the Von Thünen model is applicable outside its original agricultural focus.
Alternative models: Other theoretical frameworks that propose different explanations for agricultural land use patterns, challenging the assumptions made by the Von Thünen model.