Geographic Information System (GIS): GIS is a computer-based tool used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present spatial data. It allows geographers to create maps and perform complex analyses by overlaying different layers of information.
Remote Sensing: Remote sensing involves collecting data about Earth's surface using sensors on satellites or aircraft. These sensors capture images and other data without direct physical contact with the objects being observed.
GPS (Global Positioning System): GPS uses satellites to determine precise locations on Earth's surface. It provides coordinates that can be used for navigation purposes or as input for other geographic tools.