Remote sensing: Remote sensing involves collecting data about Earth's surface from aircraft or satellites using sensors that detect electromagnetic radiation. Urban planners can utilize remote sensing techniques together with GIS technology to gather accurate information about land cover changes over time.
Spatial analysis: Spatial analysis is the process of examining geographic patterns, relationships, and trends. It helps urban planners identify spatial clusters, hotspots, and areas of high or low population density to make informed decisions about land use and resource allocation.
Urban modeling: Urban modeling involves creating computer simulations that replicate real-world urban environments. By using GIS technology, urban planners can develop models to predict future growth patterns, simulate traffic flow scenarios, or test the impact of new developments on a city's infrastructure.