GIS (Geographic Information System): GIS is a computer-based system that allows geographers to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present spatial data. It helps in creating maps and visualizing various geographic phenomena.
Remote Sensing: Remote sensing involves gathering information about an object or area from a distance using sensors on airplanes, satellites, or drones. It helps in collecting data related to land cover, temperature, precipitation, etc.
Cartography: Cartography is the art and science of mapmaking. It involves designing and creating maps that represent geographic features accurately and effectively. Cartographers use various tools like compasses, scales, and software programs to create maps.