Federalism: Federalism is a government structure where power is divided between a central authority and regional governments. It allows for shared decision-making while maintaining some level of autonomy for each region.
Confederation: A confederation is a loose association of states or regions with limited central authority. It emphasizes cooperation among independent entities rather than centralized power.
Supranationalism: Supranationalism refers to the surrendering of certain powers by individual nations to an international organization, such as the European Union. It involves pooling sovereignty for collective decision-making on common issues.