Cognitive Mapping: Cognitive mapping is the process by which individuals acquire, store, recall, and use information about their spatial surroundings to create mental maps.
Perception: Perception refers to how individuals interpret and make sense of sensory information from their environment, which influences the formation of their mental maps.
Landmarks: Landmarks are prominent features or objects in an area that serve as reference points on a mental map, helping individuals orient themselves and navigate within a space.