Secession: Secession involves withdrawing from an existing political entity with the aim of forming a new independent state. It often arises due to significant cultural, ethnic, or ideological differences between regions within a country.
Balkanization: Balkanization refers to the fragmentation or division of a large multiethnic state into smaller hostile nations or regions characterized by intense rivalries and conflicts.
Partition: Partition is the act of dividing a territory or region into separate parts based on various criteria such as ethnicity, religion, language, etc., often leading to separate political entities.