Territoriality: Territoriality refers to the strong attachment and sense of ownership that individuals or groups have towards a specific territory. It can influence spatial division by fueling regional identities.
Ethnic Nationalism: Ethnic nationalism is an ideology emphasizing the importance of ethnicity as the basis for forming nations. It can contribute to spatial divisions when certain ethnic groups demand their own autonomous regions within a state.
Irredentism: Irredentism is the belief or policy advocating for the annexation of territories inhabited by people with ethnic or historical ties to another country. It can exacerbate spatial divisions by creating territorial disputes between states.