Balkanization: Balkanization refers specifically to the fragmentation of a larger region or country into smaller, often hostile, political units. It is named after the historical division and conflicts in the Balkan Peninsula.
Devolution: Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments within a country. It may involve granting more autonomy to specific regions or provinces.
Secession: Secession refers to the act of a region or group within a country separating itself and becoming an independent state. This can be driven by factors such as ethnic tensions, political disagreements, or desire for self-governance.