A closed loop refers to a complete circuit where current can flow continuously from the power source, through various components, and back to the source.
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Open Circuit: An open circuit is an incomplete or broken pathway where current cannot flow because there is an interruption in the circuit.
Short Circuit: A short circuit occurs when there is a low-resistance connection between two points in a circuit, causing excessive current flow.
Series Circuit: In a series circuit, components are connected one after another along a single path so that the same current flows through each component.