Standardization: Standardization involves establishing uniform procedures for administering and scoring tests. It ensures that all students taking an IQ test are given equal opportunities and conditions.
Norms: Norms refer to the average performance scores obtained by individuals within a specific group or population. When administering IQ tests, norms provide a basis for comparing individual scores against those of others in similar demographics.
Bias: Bias in testing occurs when certain groups of people are advantaged or disadvantaged based on factors unrelated to what is being measured. Ethical concerns arise if administering IQ tests disproportionately favors or disadvantages certain racial, cultural, or socioeconomic groups.