Conditioning: Conditioning is the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses. It can be either classical conditioning (associating two stimuli) or operant conditioning (associating a behavior with its consequences).
Pavlov's Dog: Pavlov's dog experiment is a famous example of classical conditioning, where Ivan Pavlov conditioned dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing them to salivate at the sound alone.
Expectancy: Expectancy refers to an individual's belief or prediction about the likelihood that a particular event will occur. It plays a crucial role in anticipation and affects how we perceive and respond to various situations.