Critique: Critique involves analyzing and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a theory or argument.
Refute: To refute means to disprove or prove wrong. When contesting a theory, one might attempt to refute its claims by presenting contrary evidence.
Counterargument: A counterargument is an opposing viewpoint presented to challenge the validity of an existing argument. When contesting a theory, one may offer counterarguments as part of their critique.