Punishments are outcomes that decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring in the future. They can be either adding something unpleasant following an unwanted behavior (positive punishment) or taking away something pleasant after an unwanted behavior (negative punishment).
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Negative Reinforcement: This involves removing an unpleasant stimulus after a certain behaviour is exhibited – making that behaviour more likely to occur again in future.
Positive Reinforcement: It's when an encouraging result follows desired behaviour making it more likely for this behaviour to happen again.
Aversive Stimulus: An aversive stimulus is something unpleasant that 'encourages' individuals to avoid it. It's often used in punishments.