Encoding: Encoding is the initial process of converting incoming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
Retrieval cues: Retrieval cues are stimuli or hints that help trigger the recall of information from long-term memory.
Recognition: Recognition is a form of recall where we identify or recognize previously encountered information or stimuli. For example, multiple-choice questions rely on recognition as we choose the correct answer among several options based on our familiarity with them.