Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): According to Vygotsky, the ZPD is the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance or assistance from others.
Scaffolding: This term refers to the support provided by teachers or more knowledgeable peers to help learners successfully complete tasks within their ZPD.
Private Speech: Private speech, also known as self-talk, is when individuals talk aloud to themselves. Vygotsky believed that private speech plays a crucial role in children's cognitive development by helping them regulate their thoughts and actions.