Hypothesis test: A hypothesis test is a statistical procedure used to determine whether there is enough evidence to reject or fail to reject a specific claim about a population parameter.
p-value: The p-value represents the probability, assuming that the null hypothesis is true, that we would observe data as extreme as what we collected (or even more extreme) by chance alone. It helps assess how strong our evidence against the null hypothesis is.
Z-test: A Z-test is a statistical test used when analyzing mean differences given certain conditions are met, such as large sample sizes or known population standard deviations. It can be applied when comparing two independent groups' proportions as well.