Joint Probability Distribution: This term refers to the probability distribution that shows the probabilities for all possible outcomes of multiple random variables.
Covariance: Covariance measures how much two random variables vary together. If they are independent, their covariance is zero.
Expected Value: The expected value is a measure of central tendency for a random variable and represents its long-term average value. For independent random variables, the expected value can be calculated by summing up their individual expected values.