Black Death: A devastating pandemic caused by the Bubonic plague, which spread across Europe in the mid-14th century, resulting in millions of deaths and transforming social structures.
Hundred Years' War: A series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453 that had far-reaching consequences for European political relationships and warfare tactics.
Avignon Papacy: Also known as the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy, it was a period from 1309 to 1377 when seven successive popes resided in Avignon instead of Rome. This event challenged papal authority and influenced religious practices throughout Europe.