Renaissance: The Renaissance was a period of European history characterized by intellectual growth during which there was increased focus on humanism, arts, sciences, and cultural revival.
Reformation: The Reformation was a religious movement in Europe that led to the establishment of Protestantism as an alternative to Catholicism.
Global exploration: Global exploration refers to the expeditions and voyages undertaken by European explorers during this period, leading to new discoveries, trade routes, and interactions with other civilizations.