Tang Dynasty: A Chinese dynasty that ruled from the 7th to the early 10th century, known for its economic prosperity, technological advancements, and cultural achievements such as poetry.
Abbasid Caliphate: An Islamic empire that flourished during the late 8th to mid-13th centuries, with Baghdad as its capital. It was known for promoting trade and scholarship, especially in fields like mathematics and astronomy.
Mali Empire: A West African kingdom that reached its height between the 13th and early 15th centuries. It became renowned for its wealth through controlling key trade routes in gold and salt.