Holocaust: The genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany systematically murdered six million European Jews.
Pogroms: Violent riots aimed at massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group particularly one aimed at Jews.
Dreyfus Affair: A political scandal that divided France from its inception in 1894 until it was finally resolved in 1906. The affair is often seen as a modern and universal symbol of injustice for reasons involving state power and anti-Semitism.