Protestantism: A branch of Christianity that originated from the Reformation movement led by Martin Luther in the 16th century. Protestants reject some Catholic doctrines and emphasize personal faith rather than reliance on religious authorities.
Counter-Reformation: Also known as the Catholic Reformation, it was a period during which the Roman Catholic Church responded to Protestant criticisms and sought to revive its spiritual influence through reforms.
Inquisition: An official institution within the Roman Catholic Church that was responsible for identifying, questioning, and punishing individuals accused of heresy or other offenses against church doctrine.