Opium Wars: A series of conflicts between China and Western powers in the 19th century, resulting from tensions over trade imbalances and the illegal opium trade.
Treaty of Nanjing: The first unequal treaty imposed on China after the First Opium War, which forced China to open several ports to foreign trade and cede Hong Kong to Britain.
Treaty Ports: Specific ports in China that were opened for foreign trade following the Opium Wars. These ports allowed Western industrial powers greater access to Chinese markets.