Ming Dynasty: The Ming Dynasty succeeded the Yuan Dynasty in China following the collapse of Mongol rule. It marked a period when Chinese civilization reasserted itself after years under foreign control and played a significant role in shaping East Asia's geopolitical landscape.
Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state founded in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) that eventually expanded into Europe, Africa, and Asia Minor. As one of several rising powers during the decline of the Mongols, it benefited from their weakened state.
Rise of National States: As various regions regained independence after fragmentation, there was an emergence of national states that replaced imperial rule. This process led to new political entities with centralized authority asserting control over specific territories or ethnic groups.