Decline: The decline refers to a gradual deterioration or weakening of an empire's power and influence. It is marked by internal struggles, external pressures, and systemic issues that contribute to its eventual downfall.
Imperial Overstretch: Imperial overstretch occurs when an empire extends its resources, military, and administration beyond what it can effectively manage. This leads to strain on the empire's economy and military capabilities, ultimately contributing to its downfall.
Colonial Resistance: Colonial resistance refers to the opposition faced by imperial powers from indigenous populations in their overseas colonies. As colonized people fought for their independence and rights, they played a significant role in destabilizing empires like the Ottoman Empire and Portuguese maritime empire.