These are countries from Europe that established colonies in other parts of the world during the Age of Exploration and beyond. They exerted control over these territories for economic, political, and cultural gain.
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Imperialism: A policy or ideology by which a nation extends its power by acquiring territory, exploiting it economically, or exercising political or cultural control over it.
Colonialism: The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers (colonists), and exploiting it economically.
Scramble for Africa: A process where European powers partitioned Africa into colonies during late 19th century.