Feudalism: A medieval system where land is exchanged for military service or labor; it defined the social structure of medieval Europe.
Commercial Revolution: A period of economic expansion, technological advancements, and increased trade from the 11th to the 18th century that transformed European economies.
Renaissance: A cultural and intellectual movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning, arts, and scientific exploration. This period brought changes to societal structures and economic practices.