Caliphate: A caliphate is an Islamic state led by a caliph (a political-religious leader). During certain periods of Islamic history, powerful caliphates such as the Abbasids or Umayyads ruled over vast territories.
Sharia Law: Sharia law refers to a set of religious laws derived from the Quran and Hadiths (teachings) that guide Muslims' everyday lives. It covers various aspects like marriage, inheritance, criminal punishment, etc.
Golden Age of Islam: The Golden Age of Islam was a period when significant advancements were made in art, science, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, and other fields across Muslim civilizations between 8th - 14th centuries CE.