Tokugawa Shogunate: A period in Japanese history (1603-1868) when Japan adopted a policy of isolationism known as "Sakoku," limiting foreign influence and trade.
Habsburg Empire: An empire that ruled over much of Central Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. It attempted to maintain control through an exclusionary approach towards other European powers.
Closed-door policy: A term used to describe a country's decision to restrict or entirely cut off its interactions with other nations, often for political or economic reasons.