Martin Luther was a German theologian and monk in the 16th century who initiated the Protestant Reformation. He challenged the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, particularly on indulgences, penance, and papal authority.
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Reformation: The religious revolution during the 16th century that resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches.
Indulgences: In Catholic theology, these are ways to reduce punishment for sins which were sold by church officials, one of practices protested by Martin Luther.
Papal Authority: The Pope's power over the Catholic Church; this was questioned by Martin Luther during the Reformation.