Cottage industry: Cottage industry refers to small-scale production carried out at home by individuals or families using simple tools and equipment. It was a common pattern of early industrialization.
Mass production: Mass production is the large-scale manufacturing of standardized products using assembly lines and specialized machinery. It allows for high output rates and lower costs.
Global supply chains: Global supply chains are interconnected networks that involve sourcing raw materials from one country, manufacturing components in another, and assembling final products elsewhere. They play a significant role in shaping patterns of modern industrialization.