Monarchy: Monarchy is a form of government where power is inherited within a ruling family or bloodline. The ruler, known as a monarch, holds supreme authority over the state. Example: The European medieval kingdoms often operated under monarchy.
Democracy: Democracy is a system where citizens have equal participation in decision-making through voting or elected representatives. People collectively determine laws and policies. Example: Ancient Athens was known for practicing direct democracy.
Oligarchy: In an oligarchy, power rests with a small group of individuals who have control over resources or hold influential positions. This group rules over others without necessarily being accountable to them. Example: Sparta had an oligarchic political system during this period.