Tanzimat: The Tanzimat were a series of reforms implemented by the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century aimed at modernizing various aspects of society and governance.
Young Ottomans: The Young Ottomans were a reformist group during the 19th century that advocated for constitutionalism and political reforms within the Ottoman Empire.
Westernization: Westernization refers to the process of adopting or imitating Western ideas, practices, technologies, and institutions. It was one of the key objectives of Ottoman reforms as they sought to catch up with European powers.