Mongol Empire: This massive empire emerged under Genghis Khan and later expanded during the 13th century, exerting control over vast regions of Asia, including China.
Delhi Sultanate: A Muslim kingdom that ruled parts of India from the 13th to the 16th century. It was known for its military might and cultural achievements.
Swahili Coast City-States: These were independent trading cities along the eastern coast of Africa during medieval times. They played a crucial role in facilitating trade between Africa, Arabia, Persia, and India.